Symptoms Complete Analysis of the Hantavirus, including Information on Transmission and Treatment
Hantavirus's definition is: The Bunyaviridae family is home
to the hantavirus. It is a segmented negative strand RNA virus with an
envelope. L, M, and S, which encode the L polymerase protein, G1, and G2
glycoproteins, are three of the genome's segments.
Definition of Hantavirus: An enveloped segmented negative-strand RNA virus with three genomic pieces, L, M, and S, encoding the L polymerase protein and G1 and G2 glycoproteins, is referred to as a hantavirus.
Summary of the Hantavirus
The Bunyaviridae family is home to the hantavirus. It is a
segmented negative strand RNA virus with an envelope. The L polymerase protein,
G1 and G2 glycoproteins, and three other proteins are encoded by the genome's
segments L, M and S.
How many viruses are there in the Hantavirus?
Included in hantavirus are the following:
• The hemorrhagic fever-causing Hantaan virus (HTNV), which
also causes renal syndrome (HFRS)
• The Dobravirus (Dobrava virus, DOBV), the Puumala virus
(SEOV), and the Seoul virus (SEOV)
• The Hantavirus lung syndrome is brought on by a nameless
virus called the Sin Nombre virus (SNV) (HPS)
• Black Creek Canal Virus
• Andes virus (ANV)
• Bayou virus (BAYV)
• A class of viruses, such as the Prospect Hill virus, whose
connection to human diseases is not obvious (PHV)
• Virus from Thailand (Thailand virus) (THAIV)
• El Moro Canyon virus (ELMCV), Thottapalayam virus (TPMV),
Khabarovsk virus (KBRV), Tula virus (TULV), and Rio Segundo virus (RIOSV)
• Rio Mamore virus (RMV)
New York virus (BCCNV)
Isla Vista virus (ISLAV)
Muleshoe virus (MULEV)
Bloodland Lake virus (BLLLV)
Topografov virus (TOPV), etc.
Hantavirus research has advanced significantly in recent
years thanks to the use of new technology and the discovery of novel viruses.
The 4th International HFRS and Hantavirus Conference was
place in Atlanta, USA, from March 5–7, 1998. International professionals and
academics exchanged the most recent study techniques and findings in this area.
Classification and distribution of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hantavirus renal syndrome hemorrhagic fever (HFRS)
Classification and Distribution: There are two different forms of hantavirus. One causes the hemorrhagic fever caused by the Hantavirus Renal Syndrome and the other causes the HPS (HFRS).The former is common in the US, and cases have also been found in Bolivia, Germany, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Paraguay.
After prodromal symptoms including fever and headache
approximately 4 days, and severe 3-7 days, acute respiratory failure with
noncardiogenic pulmonary edoema and significant mortality (52.4% -78.0%) are
the primary clinical signs.
In terms of death, the survivors heal rapidly and without
complications.
The latter is a common hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
in Asia, and molecular biological study on it has once again demonstrated that
the virus is a factor, the kidney is an early primary harm organ, and the
pathogenesis is primarily due to the direct pathogenic involvement of the
virus.
What is Hantavirus Diagnosis?
The utilisation of recombinant antigens and the speed,
sensitivity, and specificity of experimental diagnostic techniques are the key
areas of focus in research on the experimental diagnosis of hantavirus.
For a quick serological diagnosis of hantavirus disease, F.
Elgh et al. used the PUU virus recombinant nuclear protein as an antigen and
coupled it to latex in a latex microparticle agglutination test.
It is 90% and the sensitivity is 94% when compared to ELISA
utilising PUU virus recombinant nuclear protein as antigen.
The immunofluorescence assay (IFA), which can identify HTN
from SEO viral infection, uses the nuclear protein of the HTN or SEO virus that
has had its N-terminus removed as an antigen.
In ELISA and IFA, recombinant nucleoproteins and N-terminally
deleted nucleoproteins are employed to provide a quick, accurate, and secure
means of diagnosing hantavirus infection.
The sensitivity of the IgG test using some of the produced
nuclear proteins was only about 70%.
They also stated that in two-thirds of acute PUU virus infection cases, viral RNA from patients' blood or urine can be detected using RT-PCR.
T. Tomiyama et al. used the high-density particle
agglutination test (HDPA) for quick serological diagnosis of viral infections
and coated high-density positive particles with pure Hantavirus antigen.
IFA and HDPA have equal sensitivity levels, however HDPA is
simpler and faster. Immunoblot tests were used in a field experiment to find
antibodies to the murine virus, according to W. Irwin et al.
Qiu Jianming and others using reverse transcription kits,
combined magnetic separation technology with an enhanced guanidine
isothiocyanate-phenol one-step approach to extract viral RNA, and 5′-end
biotin-labeled Hantan virus-specific oligonucleotide probes.
PCR for the identification of serum from HFRS patients.
Within seven days, patient sera were detected positively 100%
of the time, and between eight and fourteen days, they were detected positively
57.14% of the time.
The patient sera could still identify 22.73% positive after
15 days.
By using dot blot detection to confirm that the amplified
product was particular amplification, a specific, sensitive, quick, and direct
diagnostic approach for the early diagnosis of HFRS patients was made
available.
What is Hantavirus Genetic Analysis?
To investigate the relationships between Hantavirus isolates
or host animals as well as the co-evolution of viruses and host animals,
researchers from many nations have embraced the method of virus and host gene
analysis.
Analysis of the Hantavirus gene
Two PUU-associated viral strains were isolated from the
Korean Eothenomys regulus and given the names Muju (MUJ) virus by J.W. Song et
al.
Two Strains
The 241 bp portion of the virus's G2 gene's sequence varied
by 1.2%. The 208bp fragment of the S gene and the 241bp fragment of the G2 gene
had a homology of 79.5% to 83.4% and 80.3% to 81.2%, respectively, with the
equivalent sequence of the PUU virus.
HTN virus isolated from Apodemus, HFRS patients, and Russian
Far Eastern rats (Clethrionomys). L. Yashina et al.
M fragment sequence homology ranges from 86% to 89%.
The M segment sequence of the SEO virus is the same as that
seen in patients with light HFRS. Source: 97%
The existence of a PH-like virus in Canadian prairie voles
has been shown for the first time by M. Drebot.
The genetic sequence of the SN virus strain in western Canada
is more closely related to that of the strain seen in eastern Canada.
The viral strain generated from the Indonesian rattooth rat
can be amplified by SEO-type specific primers, according to Yong-Kyu Chu et al.
The 290bp M fragment's sequence analysis reveals a 7%
variation from the SEO virus.
Two strains of SEO viruses existed, and one of them could be
amplified using primers specific to HTN-type viruses.
The 290 bp M fragment's sequence analysis revealed a 1%
variation from the THAI 749 strain.
The nucleoprotein and G2 glycoprotein amino acid sequence
homology between the TUL viruses from Poland and central Russia and
Czechoslovakia was greater than 96%, according to JWSong et al.
The TUL viruses from Poland and central Russia were the most
closely related, according to phylogenetic research, but there are other
differences as well.
Another study by C. Sibold et al.-Phylogenetic investigation
of nucleoprotein-encoding genes revealed that the Western and Eastern Slovak
TUL viruses are related to the Czech TUL virus and the Central Russian TUL
virus, respectively.
The TUL virus in East Slovakia is comparable to the TUL virus
in West Slovakia and the Czech Republic, according to the 3'-NCR system
occurrence study.
The authors speculate that the Central European and Russian
TUL viruses may have been recombined to create the Eastern Slovak TUL virus.
Host animal genetic analysis
Most often, techniques for cytochrome B gene analysis are
applied. Microsatellite DNA analysis was utilised by W.C. Black IV and
colleagues to investigate the mechanism of hantavirus transmission in the
murine fossa as well as the genetic link between deer and rats.
Co-evolution of hosts and viruses
In the southern Russian Far East, seven host species are home
to four hantaviruses (HTN, PUU, SEO, and KBR). L. Minskaya et alstudies .'s
Show that viruses isolated from secondary hosts are identical to standard
strains in terms of antigenicity while being genetically and molecularly
distinct from primary hosts.
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| Live View of Hantavirus under a microscope |
Different viruses: According to study by A. Vaheri et al.,
the homologous nucleotide levels of the Top virus, which was isolated from
Siberian lemmings, and the KBR virus S fragment, which was recovered from
Oriental voles, are 82% and 96%, respectively.
S isolation of the PUU virus from European palm back The
nucleotide level of fragment homology was 77%, while the amino acid level was
87%.
In accordance with the phylogenetic analysis of the
cytochrome B gene of the corresponding host animal, phylogenetic analysis
revealed that the three viruses shared a common ancestor, demonstrating that
there was horizontal transmission between the host animals during the evolution
of the three viruses.
The TOP virus M and S fragments' 3'-NCR is the longest and
maybe the oldest of the three Hantaviruses.
According to JWSong et al., the 324 bp fragment of the M
gene, 424 bp of the guinea pig's cytochrome B gene, and 0% to 3.1% of the
sequence difference of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region were all 95% to 99%
identical in distinct HTN virus strains derived from Korean guinea pigs.
This demonstrates that the genetic backgrounds of South
Korean locations are the same, the source of the HTN virus is the same, and
there haven't been any significant HTN viral strain or host animal mutations
discovered there.
Heiske A. et alphylogenetic .'s analysis shown the
distinction between the PUU viruses in Sweden, Finland, and Russia and western
Europe.
Less than 8% separates the S branch's open reading frame
genes from those in the same branch of the PUU virus.
Over 14% of the open reading frame genes vary between the
pieces.
The differences between the amino acid sequences of the same
branched PUU virus nuclear protein range from 0% to 2%, and they range from 3%
to 5% for different branched PUU virus nuclear proteins.
According to data, there are various subclasses of the European
palm back that can be found in various places.
According to this study, the PUU virus and its host animals
co-evolved.
KBR virus from Oriental voles was researched by L. Ivanov et
al. in the Far East of Russia.
The findings revealed a genetic variation between various KRB
virus strains ranging from 0.5% to 4.0%.
It is clear that the KBR virus and Oriental voles have
co-evolved over a long period of time because the genetic difference was more
correlated with the mouse-catching region than it was with the year.
Research on Hantavirus vaccines and antivirals
A lot of progress has been made recently in the creation of
HFRS vaccines.
Others vaccine types are now being researched and tested in the lab, while others are being observed in clinical settings and some have received state approval for production and usage.
Three monovalent inactivated vaccines that were successfully
created and tested in Asia have been administered to and monitored in sizable
populations.
They are risk-free with positive serological and
epidemiological outcomes.
Short-term (1 year after receiving basic vaccination) and
medium-term average protection rates (2 years after basic immunization).
There were 97.81% and 88.73%, respectively, of Type II
hamster vaccinations. Type I Shanghai gerbil vaccines had corresponding success
rates of 94.08% and 91.72%.
Type I Tianyuan gerbils' gerbils had a success rate of 100%.
There were 88.45% and 100.00%, respectively, of type I brain germs.
Inactivated bivalent gerbil kidney vaccine phase II clinical
trial.
2.5% of respondents overall responded. After three doses, 87.6% of neutralising antibodies and 100.00% of immunofluorescence antibodies have been found to be positive (for type I virus).
Additionally, 96.3% (for type II virus), a single serotype's positive conversion rate was 100.00%, and both serotypes' positive conversion rates were 75.00%.
Following a year of basic immunisation, 92% of serum
antibodies tested positive and 80% of neutralising antibodies did as well.
Additionally, D. Koletzki et al. created a hepatitis B viral chimaera that contained the nuclear protein gene of a hantavirus, inoculated animals with and without adjuvant, and generated specific antibodies against both the hepatitis B virus and the hantavirus. K.
The Hantavirus expressed by alphavirus and bare virus DNA was
examined by Kamrud et al.
Phage technique for displays
Recombinant antibodies against the Hantavirus were created
using phage display technology by C. de Carvalho Nicacio, Tuomas Heiskanen, and
Liang Mifang, respectively, opening the door for future HFRS immunotherapy.
The impact of ribavirin on the replication of the Hantavirus
was reported by W.E. Severson et al.
Cellular and molecular biology
Researchers from many nations have studied the molecular
biology and cell biology of the hantavirus in many different contexts.
JWHooper et al. were able to detect the expressed NP and G1
and G2 glycoproteins by immunoprecipitation after transfecting Vero-E6 cells
with plasmid DNA expressing Hantavirus antigenomics, but they were unable to
detect the polymerization by biochemical and functional analyses. Protein for
enzymes was not found either.
What is the Hantavirus laboratory diagnosis?
A change in the G1 protein's amino acids could alter its
structure, which would then have an impact on how polymers are formed.
BCC virus nuclear proteins interact with actin fibres,
according to research by E.V. Ravkov et al. This interaction may be crucial for
the assembly and/or release of Hantavirus.
In order to analyse the ongoing infection of Hantavirus in
Vero-E6 cells, B.J. Meyer et al. used Northern hybridization, RNase protection
test, RT-PCR, clone sequencing, and other techniques.
Epidemiology
In Chile, the first HPS case was discovered in 1995. Between
October 1995 and July 1997, there were only 8 cases, and between October and
December 1997, there were 20 cases.
They involved 11 different national regions.
The death rate was 61%, and the average age of onset was 29.7
years. The sickness was mostly brought on by the Andes virus, according to
viral gene research.
According to the authors, an increase in the number of Hantavirus host animals in the area is a contributing factor to the rise in HPS cases.
Between 1978 and 1996, there were 639 HFRS91 cases in Russia,
spread among 61 of the country's 89 administrative areas, with 96.4% of those
cases coming from Europe and 3.6% from Asia.
According to genotyping and serology, Russia is home to at least
six different hantavirus serotypes, including HTN, PUU, SEO, TUL, and KRB. From
October 1995 to December 1996, Belgium saw 199 cases of HFRS.
Small winter and spring peaks and enormous summer and fall
peaks could be seen in the seasonal distribution.
The majority of the patients had the PUU serotype of
infection.
As of November 1997, there had been a total of 21 cases of
HPS in Canada, divided among three western provinces, with a 33% case fatality
rate.
Epidemiological studies have revealed that rodent exposure
increases the risk of contracting HPS. Host animals that transmit the virus are
widely dispersed throughout the nation.
From 16 of 17 seaports and 2 of 3 airports in Japan,
hantavirus was found to be present in the host animal.
The authors suggested setting up a monitoring system and
taking the necessary safety measures to monitor the prevalence of viral
infection in the populace.
Ecology
Rat density is influenced by changes in the environment,
rodent habitat, rodent reproduction, and population makeup, while rates of host
animal virus infection fluctuate constantly across time and space.
The outbreak or spread of the disease is influenced by various rat densities, host animal virus infection rates, and possibilities for interaction with the populace.
Serum antibody positivity rates are higher among occupational
populations exposed to rodents, individuals with chronic renal failure, and
patients with fever.
Wild moose in northern Sweden showed a reduced rate of Hantavirus infection, according to C. Ahlm et al. Yun-Tai Lee and others discovered that the PUU virus is carried by brown-headed ravens and bats in South Korea.
The majority (74%) of European brown backs with PUU
positivity could not be infectious due to lack of viral RNA or antigen,
according to research by O.A. Alexeyev et al.
Additionally, L. Ivanov et al. demonstrated a correlation
between the kind of host animal and the adaptation of Hantavirus strains to
Vero-E6 cells.
Hantavirus antigen titer, virus isolation success rate, and
virus isolation days were determined using mouse lung specimens to determine
the adaption index.
The Dalin marmot is 0.17, the oriental vole is 0.10, the
brown back is 0.06, and the black-lined marmot is 0.32.
Clinical
Clinical Studies have indicated that patients recuperating
from both disorders have impaired kidney or lung function when compared to
healthy people. Numerous reports have examined the consequences of HFRS and HPS.
Pregnant women with HPS were investigated by M. Howard et al.
They discovered that their prognosis is the same as that of other HPS patients.
Pregnant women with HPS do not significantly differ from
other pregnant women with respiratory distress syndrome in terms of their
foetuses.
The study showed no evidence of vertical transmission of the
SN virus in humans.
What does hantavirus pathology and immune response mean?
HL Van Epps et al. investigated the reaction to nuclear
protein or G1 protein and T cell lines and human T cells infected with HTN
virus.
Some T cell lines that target nuclear proteins have
cross-reactions with unknown viral nuclear proteins, but T cell lines that
target nucleoproteins or G1 proteins have no such interactions.
This interaction between the human T cell lines (HFRS and
HPS) that induce various strains of the hantavirus is pathogenic.
Hemodialysis
In terms of research and vaccine development, it is quite
important. FAEnnis et al. conducted yet another investigation. isolated T cell
lines derived from HPS patients' blood.
However, some T cell lines are unable to recognise even one
hantavirus amino acid. Some cell lines can recognise areas that are
comparatively conserved across several hantavirus strains.
Andes and Pumara viruses' corresponding regions are examples
of isolates that other T cell lines can detect despite their distant
relationships. C.
Congestive myocarditis and type II pulmonary monocyte
activity were discovered in cases of Andes-HPS, although Mansilla and other
autopsy results of Andes virus-killed patients demonstrated that the
pathological changes caused by Andes-HPS and SNV-HPS are similar to the
distribution of viral antigens.
More liver stains are present. According to M. Bharadwaj et
al., who discovered viral RNA in the tracheas of Andes-HPS patients, the Andean
virus may spread from person to person.
Other studies have looked into the pathological changes in
HFRS caused by blood histamine and bradykinin, lipid peroxides, vasopressin,
lysosomes, and adenosine triphosphatase in erythrocytes.
S.C.St Jeor et al. investigated the SN virus infection in
deer mice that persisted throughout time.
Following infection, the virus vanished from the serum and
diminished in other tissues within a few weeks to months as the antibody level
rose.
Quantitative PCR found viral cRNA in tissues other than blood
in the first few weeks following infection, and the viral cRNA declined after
five months.
Infectious virus is discovered in the brain; it is present in
the blood 1 week after infection, peaks at 2 weeks, and rapidly declines at 3
weeks; it is still detectable at low levels in the testicles, liver, kidneys,
and adrenal glands 5 months after infection.
70 days after infection, the virus can be isolated in the
urine. Fourteen days after the infection, BCC antibodies can be found.
According to research by Yang Shoujing and colleagues,
hemorrhage-induced ischemia and HFRS shock can both result in a heat shock
response, and patient tissues express the heat shock proteins 72KD and 73KD,
which shield tissue cells from harm.
In their second investigation, it was demonstrated that there
was cell regeneration and DNA repair during HFRS tissue damage by the
identification of proliferating cell nuclear antigens and vimentin antibodies
during cell division.
The extent of the repairs was correlated with the damage's
severity.
One of the viral infections that poses a severe threat to the
health of our population is HFRS.
Research on HFRS and Hantavirus has produced several results
since the virus was successfully isolated in the early 1980s, particularly the
recent creation of inactivated vaccines, which has established the
circumstances for efficient disease prevention.
But there are still numerous issues to be resolved, including
gaps in our understanding of aetiology, laboratory diagnostics,
immunopathology, and molecular biology.
Future study will allow for a steady strengthening of
knowledge of the illness, which will allow for the successful control of the
epidemic in Asia.
What is the Treatment of Hantavirus?
1. Early antiviral treatment
The virus's direct action is mostly responsible for the start
of HFRS. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and viremia typically last for 7 to
10 days or longer.
Early antiviral therapy can stop disease progression, lessen
illness, and lower death.
Both interferon and ribavirin are beneficial. can be used
within 7 days after the onset of the illness, and the treatment period lasts
5-7 days.
2. Reasonable comprehensive fluid therapy is the most important Hantavirus Treatment
It is important to prioritise preventive care, and different
fluid therapy principles apply at different phases.
Mostly balance salt solution, and correctly modify its
composition and dosage based on the findings of laboratory tests. Action should
be taken to treat hypoproteinemia.
Avoid early kidney injury
Kidney damage caused by fever is typically minor. Multiple
factors, including plasma exudation, blood concentration, insufficient blood
volume, and DIC, exacerbate renal injury. In order to improve the course of
this disease, corresponding actions should be made in response to the
aforementioned causes.
What causes oliguria uremia and other Hantavirus-related complications?
For instance, the top five killers include renal rupture,
high blood pressure, heart failure, pulmonary edoema, cavity bleeding, diseases
of the neurological system, and excessive blood volume. They are all brought on
by acute uremia brought on by renal failure. Useful life-saving tools should be
widely distributed.
US National Park Hantavirus outbreak
Yosemite National Park, a resort in California, has lately
experienced an outbreak of a deadly Hantavirus illness. The death toll has
increased to three as of September 7.
According to reports, the third person who passed away was a
native of the American state of West Virginia.
There have been 8 confirmed cases of the hantavirus so far,
and the number will probably keep growing.
The two previous victims were from Pennsylvania and
California, respectively. The park workers reported that the condition of some
of the Californian visitors had improved.
According to reports, U.S. health officials have alerted 39
nations that their people who tented in Yosemite National Park this summer may
have been exposed to the deadly Hantavirus.
According to experts, around 10,000 - 2,500 people of them
were from outside the United States were at danger of developing Hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome because they visited Yosemite National Park between June and
August.
Although there is presently no cure for the illness, blood
tests can significantly improve survival rates if the sickness is caught early.
Latest Hanta Virus News
Hantavirus caused the death of 1 migrant worker 2020-03-24
09:04
On March 23, around 4 am, Shandong Rongcheng Luyang Aquatic
Food Co., Ltd. rented a bus from Shandong Weihai Longwei Passenger Transport
Co., Ltd., picked up the employees in Mengding Town, Lincang City, Yunnan
Province, and then drove back to Shandong, passing Ankang City, Shaanxi
Province.
Tian Moumou was uneasy in Ningshan County. The deceased, two
people who had fever, and one companion were all tested for the first time by
the Ankang Disease Control Center.
The initial nucleic acid test for the novel coronary
pneumonia virus came up negative. Hantaum virus (hemorrhagic fever) nucleic
acid was the corpse.
The result is positive, and additional people are gathering
and sending samples for nucleic acid testing.
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| Dr. Shawna Reason |
Education: MBBS, MD
Occupation: Medical Doctor / Virologist
Specialization: Medical Science, Micro Biology / Virology, Natural Treatment
Experience: 15 Years as a Medical Practitioner
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