Vaccine and Treatment of Ebola Virus and its Status in Different Countries
Ebola virus is also translated as Ebolavirus. Is a very rare
virus, found in southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(formerly known as Zaire) in 1976, its existence, caused widespread concern and
attention in the medical community, Ebola, hence the name. A general
term used to refer to a group of several viruses belonging to the Fibriovirus
family Ebola virus.
Ebola virus is a severe infectious disease virus that can
cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates. It causes Ebola
hemorrhagic fever (EBHF), the most deadly viral hemorrhagic fever in the world
today. The symptoms of infected persons are very similar to those of Marburg
virus, which is also a family of fibroviridae, including nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, color change, sore body, internal bleeding, external bleeding, and
fever. Mortality ranges from 50% to 90%.
The main causes of death are stroke, myocardial infarction, hypovolemic
shock, or multiple organ failure.
Ebola virus has a biosafety level of 4 (level 3 for AIDS and
level 3 for SARS, the greater the level, the stricter the protection). The
virus incubation period can reach 2 to 21 days, but usually only 5 to 10 days.
The World Health Organization announced on December 23, 2016
that a vaccine developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada can effectively protect
against Ebola virus.
On October 10, 2014 local time, in Monrovia, the capital of
Liberia, the corpse transported the dead body infected with Ebola to cremation,
and their loved ones were distressed.
In Liberia, cremated corpses do not
conform to local traditional culture.
Name: Ebola virus
Harm: Human and
other primate viral hemorrhagic fever
Propagation mode:
Body fluids, blood
Cause of Death:
Stroke, myocardial infarction, hypovolemic shock, etc.
Virus from:
"Filoviridae" family
Security Level:
level 4
When and Where Ebola Virus was Discovered?
Ebola Virus Discovery: "Ebola" is the name of a river in northern DRC
(formerly known as Zaire). In 1976, an unknown virus visited here, crazily
killing people in 55 villages along the "Ebola" River, causing
hundreds of lives to become charcoal, and some families were even spared.
The
"Ebola virus" was also caused by this. Get the name. After an
interval of 3 years (1979), the "Ebola" virus raged on Sudan, and the
corpse swept across the land. After two "atrocities", the
"Ebola" virus disappeared mysteriously for 15 years and became
invisible.
What is the Structure of Ebola virus?
Ebola structure: Ebola virus (EBoV) belongs to the family Filaviridae, with a
length of 970 nanometers, a filamentous body, a single-stranded negative-strand
RNA virus, 18959 bases, and a molecular weight of 4.17 × 10⁶. There is an
envelope on the outside.
The virus particles are about 80 nanometers in
diameter and 100 nanometers (300 to 1500) nanometers in size. Viruses with
strong infection ability are generally about 665 to 805 nanometers in length.
They are branched, U-shaped, 6-shaped, or ring-shaped. Shape is more common.
There is a capsule, and the surface has 8 to 10 nanometer long fibroids.
The
pure virus particle is composed of a spiral ribonucleocapsid complex, which
contains negative-strand linear RNA molecules and 4 virion structural proteins.
The longer, odd-shaped virion-related structures can be branched or coiled, up
to 10 microns long. Ebola strains from DRC, Ivory Coast and Sudan have
different antigenicity and biological characteristics.
Research on members of the genus Ebola using electron
microscopy has shown that it has the linear structure of a general fibrous
virus.
Virus particles may also appear in a "U", "6" shape,
twine, ring, or branch, but laboratory purification technology may also be one
of the factors that cause these shapes.
For example, the high speed of the
centrifuge may make the virus Particle deformation.
Virus particles are
generally about 80 nanometers in diameter, but can reach a length of 1400 nanometers.
The average length of a typical Ebola virus particle is close to 1000
nanometers.
The nucleocapsid protein in the center structure of the virion is
composed of helically wound genomic RNA and nucleocapsid protein, as well as
the protein viral proteins VP35, VP30 and L.
The glycoprotein contained in the
virus penetrates the surface of the virus particle 10 nanometers long, and the
other 10 nanometers.
It protrudes outward on the surface of the mantle, and this
layer of mantle is derived from the host's cell membrane.
The area between the
mantle and the nucleocapsid protein is called the matrix space and is composed
of the viral proteins VP40 and VP24.
EBOV (Ebola virus ) Characteristics
EBOV is relatively stable at normal temperature, and has
moderate resistance to heat.
It cannot be completely inactivated at 56 degrees
Celsius, and its infectivity can be destroyed by 30 minutes at 60 degrees
Celsius.
It can be completely inactivated by 2 minutes of UV irradiation.
Sensitive to chemicals, disinfectants such as ether, sodium deoxycholate,
beta-propiolactone, formalin, sodium hypochlorite can completely inactivate the
virus infectivity.
Cobalt 60 irradiation and gamma rays can also inactivate it.
EBOV can survive for several weeks in blood samples or dead bodies.
Its infectivity
remains unchanged after 5 weeks of storage at 4 degrees Celsius, and its titer
drops to half at 8 weeks. -70 ° C can be stored for a long time.
Although the natural host of EBOV has not been finalized,
there are multiple evidences that wild non-human primates such as monkeys and
orangutans and other animals have EBOV infection.
Evidence 1: The epidemic in
1976, 1996, and 2002 was due to human exposure to wild orangutans that died in
the wild.
Evidence 2: monkeys exported from the Philippines detected EBOV
multiple times, but no disease was found.
Evidence 3: August 2003 Congo ( (B)
Investigation by the Ministry of Health and Health showed that EBOV can be
detected in wild chimpanzees and wild boars.
Pathogenic Principle
Is the immune system an accomplice to Ebola?
The fourth Ebola strain (Reston) can cause fatal hemorrhagic
diseases in primates other than humans.
Very few people have been reported to
be infected with the virus in the literature and are clinically asymptomatic.
When endemic in Sudan in 1976, the case fatality rate was 53.2%.
In Zaire, it
was as high as 88.8%. Therefore, the World Health Organization ranks it as one
of the most harmful viruses to humans, namely the "fourth level
virus".
Some patients died of infection 48 hours after being infected with
Ebola virus, and they were “deadly ugly”.
The virus spread rapidly in the body,
multiplied, attacked multiple organs, deformed and necrotic, and was gradually
affected. break down.
The patient first had internal bleeding, followed by continuous
bleeding from Qiqiao, and continuously vomited the necrotic tissue of the
internal organs from the mouth, and finally died due to extensive internal
bleeding and brain damage.
The doctor or nurse or family member who takes care
of the patient can become infected after coming into close contact with the
patient. Sometimes the infection rate can be very high.
For example, during the
Sudan epidemic, the infection rate was 23% among those who were in contact with
and sleeping with patients, and 81% who cared for patients.
There have also
been several infections and outbreaks in laboratory personnel.
Ebola virus is transmitted mainly through patients' blood,
saliva, sweat and secretions.
Laboratory tests are common for lymphopenia,
severe platelet reduction, and elevated aminotransferase (AST> ALT), and
sometimes blood amylase is also increased.
ELISA can be used to detect specific
IgG antibodies (IgM antibodies indicate infection).
ELISA can be used to detect
antigens in blood, serum or tissue homogenates.
IFA can be used to detect viral
antigens in liver cells by monoclonal antibodies or by cell culture or guinea
pigs Inoculate the virus.
Viruses are sometimes observed in liver sections with
an electron microscope.
Detection of antibodies with IFA often leads to
miscalculations, especially when conducting serological investigations of
previous infections.
Laboratory research is very dangerous and should only be
carried out in places where there are protective measures to prevent infection
by workers and communities (level 4 biosafety laboratory).
The infection incubation period is 2 to 21 days. Infected
people have sudden fever, headache, sore throat, weakness, and muscle pain.
Then came vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Within two weeks after the
onset, the virus overflowed, causing internal and external bleeding, blood
clotting, and necrotic blood to quickly spread to various organs throughout the
body.
The patient eventually developed symptoms such as oral, nasal, and anal
bleeding, and the patient could die within 24 hours.
Of the approximately 1,500 confirmed Ebola cases, the
mortality rate is as high as 88%.
Ebola is a zoonotic virus. Despite painstaking research by
the World Health Organization, no animal host capable of surviving the outbreak
has been identified, and fruit bats are considered possible protohosts of the
virus.
Because of Ebola's lethality, and no vaccine has yet been proven
effective, Ebola is listed as a Biosafety Level 4 virus and is also considered
as one of the tools of bioterrorism.
Although medical scientists have racked their brains and made
many explorations, the true “identity” of the Ebola virus is still a mystery.
No one knows where the Ebola virus lurks after each major outbreak, and no one
knows where the first victim of the Ebola epidemic came from during each major
outbreak.
The "Ebola" virus is one of the most terrifying viruses
ever known to humans. Once a patient is infected with the virus, there is no
vaccine or other treatment.
In fact, he almost sentenced himself to death. In
the words of a doctor, people infected with "Ebola" will
"melt" in front of you.
The only way to stop the virus from spreading
is to completely isolate infected patients.
What are the Types of Ebola Viruses?
Ebola virus has been identified into 4 subtypes, namely:
- Ebola-Zaire type (EBO-Zaire)
- Ebola-Sudan type (EBO-Sudan)
- Ebola-Leston type (EBO- R)
- Ebola-Côte d'Ivoire (EBO-CI)
Different subtypes have different
characteristics. EBO-Z and EBO-S are highly pathogenic and lethal to human and
non-human primates. EBO-R is not pathogenic to humans and non-human primates.
It
has a lethal effect.
EBO-CI is obviously pathogenic to humans, but it is
generally not lethal, and has a high lethal rate to chimpanzees.
On July 9, 2009, a new issue of Science magazine reported
that an Ebola virus (EBO-R) called reston was identified on pigs on some farms
in the Philippines. Unlike the Bora virus, so far it has not threatened people.
What is Zaire Ebola Virus?
Zaire Ebola has a mortality rate of up to 90%, with 88%
mortality in endemic areas in 1976, 100% in 1977, 59% in 1994, 81% in 1995, 73%
in 1996, It was 80% from 2001 to 2002, 90% in 2003, and an average of 83% in
2007.
The first outbreak occurred on August 26, 1976 in a town in
the north of the DRC. The first case was a 44-year-old teacher, Mabalo Lokela.
At that time, his fever was diagnosed as suspected of malaria infection and he
was treated with quinine injection.
Observed at the hospital, one week later,
it became uncontrollable vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headache, dizziness
accompanied by dyspnea, and began to bleed from the mouth, nose, rectum and
other places.
He died on September 18, and the course of disease was only about
2 weeks.
Soon after, more patients sought medical treatment with
similar symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, fatigue,
nausea and dizziness. These often develop into bloody diarrhea, severe
vomiting and multiple bleedings.
The initial infection may be caused by repeated
use of an unsterilized syringe. Subsequent infections are mainly in the care of
patients without proper safety measures.
Cleaning process during virus attack
or traditional burial pre-operation.
What is Sudanese Ebola Virus?
The Sudanese Ebola virus was first detected in Sudanese
cotton mill workers in 1976.
The researchers pointed out that the worker should
have contacted the host of the protozoa in or near the factory, but found
nothing after detecting animals and insects near the factory, and the protohost
is still unknown.
The second case was a nightclub leader who lived in Sudan.
The local hospital exhausted all the methods to treat him but it was
ineffective, and eventually he was declared dead. Medical staff did not have
appropriate protective measures during the treatment, which led to a virus
outbreak in the hospital.
The most recent outbreak occurred in May 2004. In May 2004,
20 cases were reported in Yambio County, Sudan, and 5 people died.
The case was
confirmed by the CDC a few days later as Sudanese Ebola, and neighboring
countries such as Uganda and Congo have increased border guards to control the
outbreak.
The average mortality rate for Sudan's Ebola was 53% in 1976, 68% in
1979, and 53% between 2000 and 2001, with an average mortality rate of 53.76%.
What is Reston Type Ebola virus?
It was first discovered in a group of crab-eating monkeys
(Macaca fascicularis) imported from the Philippines to Reston, Virginia, USA in
November 1989. This virus has a high lethality to monkeys, but is not fatal to
humans.
In February 1990, Reston's Ebola virus broke out again in
Reston, Texas, and the Philippines.
More cases were found in Tuscany and Texas
in 1992 and 1996.
All infected monkeys exhibited symptoms similar to simian
hemorrhagic fever.
No humans were infected during these two outbreaks.
What is Côte D'Ivoire Ebola Virus?
The Côte D'Ivoire Ebola virus was first discovered in the Taï
National Park in Côte D'Ivoire.
On November 1, 1994, the bodies of two
chimpanzees were found in the forest.
The inspectors found that the blood in
the heart was brown and liquefied (usually the blood in the corpse should be
completely coagulated after more than ten hours of death), the internal organs
showed no obvious traces, and the lungs were filled with blood.
Organizations
taken from chimpanzees have shown that the virus is very similar to Sudan's
Ebola and Zaire's Ebola outbreak in 1976.
After 1994, more dead chimpanzees
were discovered, and scientists tested the virus in many ways.
The source of
the infection is thought to be a colobus monkey that was preyed on by a chimpanzee
and had the virus.
One of the scientists who performed the autopsy was infected
with the virus.
She developed symptoms similar to dengue fever and was sent to
Switzerland for treatment a week later.
She was discharged from the hospital two
weeks later and recovered completely in the sixth week after the infection.
Variant
Dr Peter, an American scientist at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Allergies, believes that this may be an infection
caused by mutations in Ebola virus that have become easier to spread than
before.
What is the Way for spreading of Ebola Virus?
Sensitive cell
Green monkey kidney cells (Vero), hamster kidney cells (BHK),
and human embryo lung fibroblasts can be used to culture EBoV.
Seven hours
after the virus infected the cells, viral RNA was detected in the culture,
peaked at 18 hours, and cytopathic changes were seen after 48 hours.
After 7 to
8 days, the cells became round and shrunk, and the virus inclusion bodies were
seen after staining.
What is the Method of Transmission of Ebola Virus?
How Ebola virus transmits: Various non-human primates are generally susceptible and
infection can be caused by the intestinal, parenteral or intranasal route.
High fever occurs 2 to 5 days after infection and death occurs 6 to 9 days.
The blood contained the virus 1 to 4 days after the onset until death. Guinea
pigs, hamsters and suckling rats are more sensitive.
Intraperitoneal,
intravenous, intradermal or intranasal route can cause infection.
Adult mice
and chicken embryos are not sensitive.
The population is generally susceptible
regardless of age and gender.
High-risk groups include patients with Ebola
hemorrhagic fever, people in close contact with infected animals such as
medical staff, inspectors, and staff at the Ebola epidemic site.
Experts found in research that the "Ebola" virus
has some heat resistance, but it will be killed in 60 minutes at 60 degrees
Celsius. The virus mainly exists in the body fluid and blood of the patient.
Therefore, the syringes, needles, various puncture needles, cannulas, etc. used
by the patient should be thoroughly disinfected.
The most reliable is to use
high-pressure steam disinfection. Ebola virus may also be transmitted through
the air.
The experimenter exposed the head of the rhesus monkey to the outside
of the cage and let it inhale aerosols containing virus with a diameter of
about 1 micron.
The sera of 6 staff members who were in close contact with sick
monkeys every day were found to be positive for the virus.
Five of them had no
trauma and had no history of injections, so they thought they could be transmitted
by droplets.
The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with the
patient's body fluids or contact with the patient's skin and mucous membranes.
The virus incubation period can reach 2 to 21 days, but usually only 5 to 10 days.
Could Ebola Virus Transmit Through Air?
Although airborne infections among monkeys have been
confirmed in the laboratory, it does not prove that humans can transmit the
virus through the air.
Nurse Mainca is a possible case of airborne infection,
and researchers are not sure how she was exposed to the virus.
Most of the
Ebola virus epidemic is due to the environment of the hospital, poor public
health, needles that have been discarded everywhere, and the lack of negative
pressure wards all pose great threats to medical staff.
Because of better
equipment and hygiene, it is almost impossible for a large-scale epidemic of
Ebola virus in modern hospitals.
In the early stages of the disease, Ebola virus may not be
highly contagious. Patients exposed during this period may not even be infected.
As the disease progresses, body fluids discharged by patients from diarrhea,
vomiting and bleeding will be highly biologically dangerous.
Due to lack of
proper medical equipment and sanitation training, large-scale epidemics often
occur in poor areas without modern hospitals and trained medical staff.
Many of
the areas where the source of infection exists have exactly these
characteristics.
In this environment, the only measures to control the disease
are: Prohibit the sharing of needles, and do not reuse needles under strict
disinfection. Isolate the patient.
In any case, follow strict procedures, use
disposable masks, gloves, Goggles and protective clothing.
All health care
workers and visiting workers should strictly implement these measures.
The World Health Organization issued a communiqué on October
6, 2014 saying that Ebola virus does not spread through the air and there is no
evidence that the virus has mutated.
So some claims that the Ebola virus might
mutate into airborne form are unfounded speculation.
WHO emphasizes that
studies have shown that all previous Ebola cases were infected by direct
contact with patients who developed symptoms.
The transmission of Ebola virus
is in direct close contact with the patient's body fluids.
The patients' blood,
feces, and vomitus are the most infectious.
The virus can also be found in the
patient's milk, urine, and semen. Risk of infection, but intact live virus has
never been detected in a patient's sweat sample.
What is Expert's point on Ebolavirus?
On October 3, 2014, the prevailing opinion was that Ebola was
transmitted by contact.
However, several medical experts recently said that
Ebola virus may mutate to spread through breathing.
Two more experts believe
that the current form of Ebola virus can already be transmitted through
aerosols.
If this is the case, if Ebola cannot be quickly controlled, it may
spread to the world.
The prevailing perception is that the Ebola virus is
transmitted mainly through contact, rather than through the air. Only patients
who have Ebola symptoms are contagious.
The New York Times reported that Michael T. Osterholm,
director of the University of Minnesota's Center for Infectious Diseases, said
that Ebola is notorious for replicating, and that viruses entering human A may
be genetically different from human B.
The current rate of Ebola virus
transmission is unprecedented. The amount of human-to-human transmission in the
past four months is likely to exceed the total of the past 500-1000 years.
Osterholm said that if certain viruses mutate, they may
progress to respiratory transmission. If that is the case, the Ebola virus will
spread quickly worldwide.
Government officials dare not talk about this because
they do not want to be accused of being the one shouting fire in a crowded
theater.
Osterholm believes that this possibility needs to be pointed out and
people need to be prepared.
In 2012, several Canadian researchers confirmed that the
Zaire Ebola Zaire virus can be transmitted from pigs to monkeys through the
respiratory tract, and that the lungs of these two animals are similar to
humans.
The Zaire Ebola virus is a virus that is spreading in West Africa.
Richard Preston's book "The hot zone" documents the 1989 outbreak of
Reston's Ebola virus, which spread among monkeys through breathing. All monkeys
were euthanized before the epidemic came to an end.
According to Guardian, the chairman of the United Nations Ebola emergency team said that if the current epidemic could not be controlled
quickly and effectively, there could be such a horror-the Ebola virus has
developed into airborne transmission.
Two national-level infectious disease experts at UIC University believe that the current form of Ebola virus can already be
transmitted through aerosols.
There is scientific and epidemiological evidence
that Ebola virus may be transmitted through aerosol particles, suggesting that
medical workers should wear respiratory masks rather than masks.
Aerosol, also called aerosol, aerosol, refers to a dispersion
system in which solid or liquid particles are stably suspended in a gaseous
medium.
The general size is between 0.01 and 10 microns, which can be divided
into two types:
- Natural
- Human
Local distribution of Ebola Virus or its Outbreak countries
Ebola haemorrhagic fever has so far been mainly endemic,
confined to tropical rain forests in Central Africa and tropical savanna in
southeast Africa.
But this has expanded from the beginning of Sudan, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo to the Republic of the Congo, the Central African
Republic, Libya, Gabon, Nigeria , Kenya, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Zimbabwe,
Uganda, Ethiopia and South Africa.
There are occasional cases reported outside
Africa, all of which are imported or laboratory accidental infections, and no
Ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic has been found.
Ebola virus is only epidemic
intermittently in individual countries and regions, and has certain limitations
in time and space.
Infections in endemic areas and outbreaks: So far, imported
cases have been reported in the United States, the United Kingdom, and
Switzerland, all of which travel in the endemic area, participate in the
diagnosis and treatment of patients, or participate in surveys and researchers.
What is the Inspection Method of Eboa Virus?
Ebolavirus Tests: Ebola virus is a highly dangerous pathogen, and the virus
must be isolated and identified in specialized laboratory facilities.
In
African endemic areas, diagnosis is mainly performed by detecting specific IgM
and IgG antibodies to Ebola virus, and examining viral antigens or nucleic
acids.
How to Examine Ebola Virus Specific Antibodies?
Examination of virus-specific antibodies: The virus-specific IgM antibodies in the patient's blood
appeared 2 to 9 days after the onset and persisted until 1 to 6 months after
the onset.
The IgG antibodies appeared 6 to 18 days after the onset and
persisted to more than 2 years after the onset.
The carboxy-terminal
polypeptide of viral core protein prepared by genetic engineering method is
used as an antigen, and the ELISA method for detecting IgG antibodies against
Ebola virus has high specificity and sensitivity.
However, for patients with
low specific antibody titers in some acute phases, the detection of viral
antigens or nucleic acids should be performed at the same time.
Examination of virus-specific antigens and nucleic acids
It has been confirmed that the consistency of the detection
of Ebola virus antigen and the detection of viral nucleic acid is almost 100%,
and the sensitivity is very high.
In addition, when the specimen is irradiated
with rays and the virus is inactivated, the safety of the experiment is increased,
and the experimental results are not significantly affected.
Testing Equipment for Ebolavirus
Xinhuanet, Rome, December 12, 2014. The Italian National
Institute of Infectious Diseases issued a statement recently stating that it
has developed a portable device for rapid detection of Ebola virus, which can
detect the presence of Ebola in blood samples within 75 minutes. virus.
This device was developed by the institute in cooperation
with Italian biotechnology company Clonit and French company STMicroelectronics
Co., Ltd., using molecular biology technology for real-time polymerase chain
reaction.
This kind of equipment has extremely high sensitivity.
Even a small
amount of human blood can be detected by multiple dilutions of the virus, and
it can identify the virus early, which significantly reduces the risk of
infection.
Nucleic acid detection reagent
On April 27, 2015, WHO officially announced the approval of
the Ebola virus nucleic acid detection kit developed and manufactured by
Zhijiang for inclusion in its official procurement list.
At the same time, this
product was used as one of the detection methods for Ebola virus. This is Recommended
worldwide.
In just one year, “Made in Shanghai” Ebola testing products
have gained international popularity. The seemingly easy harvest, but it is the
"inadvertently inserting willows" for 5 years.
In 2010, by chance, an African customer asked Zhijiang to
develop an Ebola test reagent.
Faced with the "loss of money orders"
that businessmen can count on, Shao Junbin thought about innovation and
service:
There are few orders and a small market, and it does not make
money.
However, since the company promises to provide value-added services to
customers, we should invest R & D.
Thanks to the bioinformatics team
that was set up at the beginning of the company's establishment, the company
began to develop Ebola detection kits since 2010, and it has been successfully
developed within 5 months.
The kit received EU CE certification in February 2014,
becoming the world's first Ebola virus nucleic acid detection product to
receive EU CE certification.
After the Ebola outbreak in Africa, the product
was used in national reference laboratories such as Sierra Leone, Liberia,
Nigeria, etc. for the first time, and the effect was good.
At present, reagents
are mainly sold to Nigeria, Guinea, Cameroon, Kenya, the United States, India
and other countries.
There are 35 domestic procurement units for reserves.
The
company can produce 50,000 reagents in 3 days.
Precaution against Ebola virus (including Vaccination)
Vaccine Development for Ebolavirus
In February 2006, Gary Nabel, director of the National Institutes of Health, said
The vaccine against the deadly Ebola virus has passed initial
human safety tests, and there are promising signs that the vaccine will protect
humans from the disease.
Twenty-one people have received the experimental vaccine
tested early. However, Nabel cautioned that more research is needed to confirm
the success of the vaccine.
Nabel and colleagues at the research center developed a
vaccine from DNA containing three Ebola proteins. They said the vaccine would
make monkeys immune to Ebola.
The vaccine not only suppresses the spread of the
disease, but it also protects doctors, nurses and animal breeders before they
occur.
On August 9, 2014, China announced that it had mastered the
Ebola antibody gene and had the ability to develop diagnostic reagents for
timely detection of Ebola virus, which surprised the world.
At the same time,
senior officials of the World Health Organization have continuously reminded
countries to pay attention to China's rich experience in dealing with the
epidemic.
On September 8, 2014, researchers are currently developing a
test vaccine against Ebola virus and plan to begin testing on healthy
volunteers in September.
Testing will begin once the ethical application is
approved. If the vaccine works well, the study will extend to the Gambia and
Mali in West Africa.
Researchers hope the vaccine will help people in these
countries prevent the virus, but first test the vaccine in uninfected people.
The Ebola virus has proven to be very difficult to control, and currently only
the efficacy of vaccines and vaccines can be evaluated.
The vaccine contains a protein from Ebola virus that triggers
an immune system response once it enters the body.
The first phase of the study
will be piloted on 60 healthy volunteers. If the vaccine proves to be safe and
effective, it will be used on 80 volunteers in the Gambia and Mali.
By 2015,
the vaccine has the potential to be more widely used in countries where these
viruses are outbreaks.
On September 24, 2014, the World Health Organization stated
that a large-scale vaccine may be available by the end of the year to control
the spread of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
Although scientists are
testing two vaccines, no approved vaccine is currently available.
According to
the plan, the number of vaccines produced by the end of the year will have some
impact on the control of the epidemic.
It is believed that the current Ebola
outbreak has infected more than 5,800 people in five West African countries.
In December 2014, the recombinant Ebola vaccine independently
developed by the Chen Wei team of the Institute of Biological Engineering of
the Academy of Military Medical Sciences passed joint national and military
review, obtained clinical approvals, and began human trials this month.
Ebolavirus Vaccine Developed successfully
The World Health Organization announced on December 23, 2016
that a vaccine developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada can effectively
protect against Ebola virus.
The clinical trial is led by WHO, with
participation from agencies such as the Guinea Ministry of Health.
Related
research reports have been published in a new issue of the British medical
journal The Lancet.
The trial began last year in Guinea, when new Ebola
haemorrhagic fever cases continued to occur in the region.
Nearly 12,000 people
who had direct or indirect exposure to Ebola hemorrhagic fever participated in
the trial.
The report said that the researchers first selected adults
over the age of 18 to conduct the trials, none of whom were pregnant, nursing
or seriously ill.
2,119 people were vaccinated immediately, and 2041 people
were postponed by 21 days.
The results showed that people who were vaccinated
immediately were effectively protected from Ebola hemorrhagic fever. But 16 of
those who delayed their vaccination by 21 days developed Ebola hemorrhagic
fever.
After the results of the above tests confirmed the
effectiveness, the researchers extended the coverage to children over 6 years
old, and a total of 1,677 people were vaccinated immediately, including 194
children.
The results showed that they were also effectively protected from
Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
Of the 5,837 people who were vaccinated, about half had mild
side effects such as headache, fatigue, and muscle soreness, and some had
serious side effects, but their bodies recovered within a few days without
long-term effects.
Of the people who have never been vaccinated, seven have
developed Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
Merck, the company that produces the vaccine, has obtained
some qualifications in the United States and the European Union, which will
help relevant regulatory agencies expedite the review of this new vaccine and put
it into use as soon as possible.
The author of the study, WHO Assistant Director-General, Mary
Poller Gini, said that although the results came a little late, many people
have lost their lives in the West Africa Ebola epidemic, but this will at least
guarantee the next Ethiopia When the Bola epidemic strikes, people are helpless.
What Precautions do I Need Precautions against Ebola Virus?
Control Spread
To control the spread of "Ebola", we must first pay
close attention to the dynamics of the world's Ebola virus epidemic, strengthen
border quarantine, and suspend imports of monkeys.
The main restriction is on
monkeys from the affected areas. So far, no other than primates have been
found. Animals are hosts of Ebola virus.
Suspicious patients with bleeding
symptoms should be observed in isolation.
Once the diagnosis is confirmed, it
should be reported to the health department in a timely manner, and the
strictest isolation for the patient is used, that is, an isolation device with
an air filtering device is used.
Medical personnel and laboratory personnel
wear isolation suits, and space suits may be used for inspection operations
when possible to prevent accidents. Close contact with patients should also be
observed.
Adjuvant Therapy
Treatment is first aided, including minimizing virus
invasion, balancing electrolytes, repairing lost platelets to prevent bleeding,
maintaining blood oxygen levels, and treating complications.
Excluding
individual cases, the serum of Ebola's recoveries does not play a role in
treating the disease.
Interferon is also ineffective against Ebola. In monkey
tests, coagulation interferon appears to play a role, allowing 33% of infected
monkeys that were originally 100% mortal to survive. USAMRIID scientists claim
that three of the four Ebola-infected macaques recovered.
There are no specific
treatments for Ebola virus disease.
Some antivirals such as interferon and
ribavirin are not effective.
They are mainly supportive and symptomatic
treatments, including attention to water and electrolyte balance, and control
of bleeding; dialysis treatment for renal failure, etc.
The treatment of patients with Ebola virus disease with
plasma from convalescent patients is controversial.
Ostrich Egg Antibody
On November 23, 2014, Kyoto Prefectural University of Japan
announced that its research team has developed a technology for mass production
of antibodies against Ebola virus using ostrich eggs, and some airports plan to
start using sprays containing this antibody in mid-December.
Ostrich has strong immunity, which is due to its strong
antibody-producing ability. Kyoto Prefectural University professor Takamoto Yasuhiro
and his team have been studying the immunity of ostriches and developed a
technology that uses ostrich eggs to extract antibodies in large quantities.
In the new study, the research team first developed
recombinant Ebola protein and injected it into the ostrich as an antigen.
The
ostrich thus generates antibodies and passes them to the eggs it produces.
After removing the yolk portion of the ostrich eggs, the antibodies can be
purified.
The research team currently plans to use the antibody to make an infection-preventing
spray that can be sprayed on hands, masks and door handles.
What is the Treatment of Ebola Virus?
Treatment method: Research by British scientists has shown that you should not
eat foods that contain protein, but a method has been spread in Côte d'Ivoire
to boil bovine urine.
The only way to fight it today is to inject an NPC1 blocker.
Ebola virus needs to enter the nucleus through NPC1 to replicate itself.
The
NPC1 protein transports cholesterol between cells.
Even if the blocker blocks
the transport route of cholesterol and causes Nieman Pick's disease, but
Tolerable.
Most outbreaks are short-lived. NPC1 blockers can also fight Marburg
virus.
Ebola Ingestion of large amounts of salt water are Rumors
The Geneva-based World Health Organization issued a statement
on the 15th stating that certain products and practices can prevent or cure
Ebola virus, and that a fully tested and approved Ebola vaccine may not appear
before 2015.
The WHO emphasizes that although some promising products are
under development, decades of scientific research have not found any curative
or protective agents that are safe and effective for the human body.
The statement said that in order to save the lives of Ebola
patients as much as possible, the WHO has approved the use of experimental
drugs.
All parties are accelerating the production of experimental drugs, but
the supply of such drugs is still very limited, and the public must recognize
that experimental drugs have not been tested in humans and have not been
approved by regulatory agencies.
Some products or methods that claim to prevent or cure Ebola
virus are completely rejected by WHO and are called "blind
therapies". For example, rumors that "a large amount of saline could
prevent Ebola virus" have killed at least two Nigerians.
What are the National initiatives against Ebola Virus?
The National Initiatives taken against Ebola Virus by different nations are as follows:
a. United States
The U.S. Senate passed the Bio Shield Program bill on May 19, 2004.
Approved a $ 5.6 billion allocation to prevent biological or
chemical weapons attacks in the United States. Biochemical attacks covered by
the bill include smallpox, anthrax, botulinum toxin, plague and Ebola virus.
The bill, called the "BioShield Plan," provides
that within the next decade, the United States will encourage pharmaceutical
companies to research and develop responses to bioterrorist activities, expe
the approval process for detoxification drugs, and allow the government to
provide the public in emergency situations.
Provide certain treatments that are
not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The United States had originally sent 3,000 soldiers to
Liberia to help fight the Ebola epidemic, but it has now decided to increase it
to 4,000. US Secretary of Defense Hagel has approved the plan, and the United
States will send a total of no more than 4,000 soldiers to Liberia in batches.
Kirby emphasized that these people sent by the United States will provide
logistical and engineering technical support, but they are not medical staff,
so they will not be sent to high-risk areas.
Currently, about 200 US soldiers
have been deployed in Liberia to participate in the construction of a
headquarters base for training medical staff and providing medical services.
As two nurses became infected while taking care of Ebola
patients, the U.S. health department upgraded Ebola protection standards on the
20th.
The most important point is that the skin should not be exposed after
wearing protective clothing and goggles are no longer recommended.
The Nebraska Medical Center of the United States announced on
October 21, 2014 that an Ebola patient received from West Africa has recovered
after more than two weeks of treatment at the hospital and will be discharged
on the 22nd. So far, the five Ebola patients received by the United States from
West Africa have all defeated the virus.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced
on the 22nd that all passengers from the Ebola-affected area in West Africa
will be closely monitored for 21 days after arriving in the United States.
During this period, passengers must report their temperature and other
conditions to the U.S. health department to determine whether they have
Symptoms of Ebola infection.
This rule also applies to U.S. citizens who return
to the country from a West Africa-affected area.
The monitoring program will be implemented on October 27th in
the six eastern US states where New Zealand, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia,
New Jersey and Georgia are the main destinations for West African visitors.
Eventually, all states in the United States will monitor passengers from West
Africa-affected areas.
On October 27, 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) announced new guidelines for people who may be infected with
Ebola, but the governors of many states and military commanders have decided to
take stricter measures.
This new guideline states that if you have ever been in
contact with body fluids of Ebola patients, such as touching them without
wearing protective gear, or being injured by a contaminated needle, then even
if there are no symptoms, they are considered contagious and should be kept
away from places of commercial transportation and public gatherings.
New York doctor Craig Spencer, who was diagnosed with Ebola
on November 11, 2014, will be discharged from a hospital in Manhattan.
Since
being diagnosed on October 23, Spencer has been in isolation at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York.
Spencer, a volunteer for the humanitarian relief organization
Doctors Without Borders, helped treat Ebola patients in Guinea and returned to
the United States in mid-October. He is the first Ebola patient in New York
City and the fourth patient in the United States to be diagnosed with Ebola.
After testing, Dr. Spencer was free of Ebola virus. It is unclear whether Dr.
Spencer will return to his home in Hamilton Heights after his discharge. His
fiancee, Morgan Dixon, is being quarantined here, and the quarantine period
ends this weekend.
On November 10, 2014, Google launched a promotional campaign
called “giving”. The campaign aims to raise funds to fight the Ebola
virus-Google said it will add an additional $ 2 to every $ 1 donated by users.
According to Google CEO Page, Google has donated $ 10 million
to a number of non-profit organizations including InSTEDD, International Rescue
Committee, Medicins Sans Frontieres, NetHope, Partners in Health, Save the
Children, and U.S. Fund for UNICEF.
In addition, the Page Family Foundation has
donated an additional $ 15 million to help agencies fight the Ebola virus.
b. Japan
A Japanese research team synthesized a virus that is very
similar in appearance and structure to Ebola, but much less toxic. The virus
can be used to study the mechanism of Ebola virus infection and toxicity, help
develop Ebola vaccines and prevent bioterrorism.
The Ebola-like virus was
synthesized by a research team led by Professor Yoichi Kawaoka of the
University of Tokyo.
Except for genetic differences, the virus's appearance,
structural form, and proteins are the same as true Ebola viruses, and they can
infect human cells.
Professor Kagawa has successfully synthesized the true
Ebola virus.
Ebola virus contains a total of seven proteins, which are
constructed by enclosing genes and protein complexes in a thin tubular shell.
Electron microscopy showed that the Ebola-like virus looks very similar to the
real Ebola virus.
Ebola-like viruses are much less toxic, making research and
testing more convenient.
On November 7, 2014, Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Takayuki
Wei announced that Japan would provide up to 100 million U.S. dollars in aid in
response to Ebola, a growing infectious disease in West Africa.
Xinhua News Agency, Tokyo, October 19, 2018. A new Japanese
study has clarified the basic structure of Ebola virus and is expected to be
used to develop drugs for Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
Related research results
have been published in the online ion of the British "Nature"
magazine.
c. United Kingdom
On September 17, 2014, a vaccine trial against Ebola virus
has begun in Oxford, England, and the first 60 healthy volunteers will receive
the vaccine.
Under normal circumstances, a new vaccine requires years of human
trials to be approved for use, but based on the severity of the Ebola outbreak
in West Africa, the development of this experimental vaccine is advancing at an
"amazing speed".
The vaccine being tested was jointly developed by British pharmaceutical
giant GlaxoSmithKline and the National Institutes of Health. The trial was
funded by the Wellcome Trust, the UK Medical Research Council and the UK Agency
for International Development.
d. China
On September 18, 2014, President Xi Jinping announced in New
Delhi, India that the Chinese government will once again provide assistance to
the international community in fighting the Ebola epidemic.
Xi Jinping pointed
out that the current Ebola epidemic in West Africa is intensifying and
spreading, posing severe challenges to the international community including
China and India.
In order to support Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and other
countries to fight the Ebola epidemic, help the countries surrounding the
epidemic area to strengthen their epidemic prevention capacity, and support
relevant international and regional organizations to continue to play a leading
and coordinating role in the fight against epidemics, the Chinese government
has decided to provide two.
On the basis of the aid, the three countries were
again provided with 200 million yuan in emergency cash, food and material
assistance, and the World Health Organization and the African Union each
provided US $ 2 million in cash assistance.
In response to the ongoing epidemic of Ebola hemorrhagic
fever, China’s General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine has continued to adopt a series of strict measures based on its
preliminary work to build three lines of defense overseas, on the way, and at
ports, to play the role of port firewalls, and to prevent the spread of Ebola
Into.
Overseas defense line
Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone and other West African
epidemic-prone countries are required to continue to step up quarantine to
prevent people with symptoms such as fever and Ebola hemorrhagic fever from
going to China.
On the way
Continue to require relevant international airlines to
strengthen publicity on key flights, and implement measures such as reporting,
initial treatment, and timely notification of first ports of entry for those
with symptoms.
In the early stage, the General Administration of Quality
Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
specially produced Chinese and English versions of the port Ebola hemorrhagic
fever prevention and control propaganda film, and required relevant
international airlines to roll on the flights to China.
Port defense
Continue to strengthen boarding quarantine, temperature
screening, medical inspections, and transfer of patients with symptoms.
In response to the new situation of imported cases in the
United States and Spain and causing local cases, learning from the practices of
other countries, further adhering to the original effective prevention and
control measures, and recently focusing on three tasks:
- The emphasis on the quarantine process Traceability.
- The second is to strengthen the screening and information reporting of people who have been to the endemic area of Ebola hemorrhagic fever within 21 days
- To emphasize training and exercises in personal protection.
At a press conference held on October 29, 2014, Li Jing,
director of the AQSIQ's Information Office, disclosed that from August 4 to
October 28, a total of 26,235 people from the epidemic area were investigated
at the port, and fever and other symptoms were found.
88 people, no confirmed
cases of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, 33 cases of malaria, dengue fever, etc. were
accumulated.
1,437 flights, 50 sub-ships, 174 trains, 19,220 TEUs, 6,126
cargoes, 16 animal products Inspection and quarantine. At present, various
prevention and control work is still in order.
On March 5, 2015, Yaduro, a patient with Ebola in Monrovia,
Liberia, recovered and was discharged.
She is the last cured Ebola patient in
China's Ebola Treatment Center and the last confirmed case in 17 Ebola treatment
centers across Liberia.
e. Sierra Leone
Since September 19, 2014, Sierra Leone, a West African
country, has imposed a three-day martial law to prevent the spread of the
deadly virus Ebola.
September 22, 2014. According to foreign media reports,
Sierra Leonean government officials in West African countries said that after
three days of "closed accounts" across the country, medical staff
have detected dozens of new cases of Ebola virus infection, but they have not
been checked. Everyone across the country may therefore extend the blockade.
On August 31, 2015, after Sierra Leone had begun a 42-day
countdown to the end of the Ebola outbreak and maintained 6 days of zero cases,
the country found one newly deceased person to be confirmed by Ebola.
f. North Korea
To prevent the entry of Ebola virus, North Korea will close
the border on October 24, 2014, and prohibit foreign tourists from entering. It
is not clear when the ban will be lifted.
The Ebola epidemic has gradually spread from West Africa to
Asia, Europe, the Americas, and other parts of the world.
Many countries have
issued “attention” warnings for outbound tourism and taken quarantine measures
against suspected Ebola people.
North Korea's Central Television also broadcast
related content on the same day, reminding residents to be vigilant against the
Ebola virus.
There are many disputes over whether restricting the entry of
tourists from West Africa will help curb the spread of Ebola.
The Secretary-General
of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Haji
Amadou West said on the 22nd that travel restrictions such as border closures.
It is meaningless and cannot effectively contain the Ebola epidemic.
g. South Korea
South Korea’s Ministry of Defense stated on October 30, 2014
that it has decided to participate in the international community’s fight
against Ebola virus and will send a medical team consisting of military doctors
and officer nurses to the Ebola epidemic area to help control the epidemic.
The Korean medical team may go to one of Liberia and Sierra
Leone from the end of November to the beginning of December.
The dispatch
period may be two months.
The Korean medical team will go to the Ebola-affected
area in three batches.
Each batch will dispatch two military doctors and three
officer nurses, but the plan has not yet been finalized.
The dispatch period of
each batch may reach 7-9 weeks. Medical staff will receive 1-2 weeks of
education in the local area, and then carry out medical activities for 3-4
weeks. At the end of all missions, they will be quarantined for 21 days for
Ebola virus testing and rest.
The Ministry of National Defense said that medical personnel
will join local medical teams selected by the Ministry of Health and Welfare to
conduct medical activities in the local area and receive prior education in
South Korea and affected areas.
The Ministry of Defence is negotiating with
relevant departments on security measures such as the transfer, treatment of medical
personnel infected with Ebola virus, and quarantine after the end of the
mission.
h. Germany
On November 11, 2014, the WHO provided a batch of vaccines to
Germany, ready to be tested on 30 people within six months. It is reported that
the vaccine has completed animal tests.
German doctors assured that participants would not be
infected with Ebola by undergoing the experiment.
In addition, German doctors
said that if the test is successful, the vaccine will be used in the fall of
2015.
i. Philippines
After returning from Liberia, West Africa, on November 12,
2014, more than 100 Philippine peacekeepers will be placed on an island to live
in isolation while undergoing Ebola testing to dispel public doubts.
The Chief of Staff of the Philippine Armed Forces, Catapan,
held a press conference at the main army base in Manila on the 10th, saying
that more than 100 peacekeepers will be placed at the mouth of Manila Bay for
21 days of isolation. But he also stressed that these peacekeepers were not at
risk of contracting the Ebola virus.
What is the Outbreak Impact of Ebola virus?
Outbreak in Zaire in January 1995 and in Gabon since February
1996: 316 cases occurred in Kikwit city, 245 cases died, 78% fatality rate; in
Ogowei, Gabon Ogooue Ivindo had 46 cases of morbidity and 31 deaths with a
mortality rate of 67.4%.
According to the latest figures released by the World
Health Organization, 1,100 people worldwide have been infected with the virus,
and 793 of them have lost their lives.
The medical community has not found a
vaccine to prevent Ebola and its source, nor has it found an effective
treatment.
A new round of Ebola outbreaks from Guinea, a West African
country, is accelerating.
This round of the outbreak has been reported in
Guinea since February 2014, and 1,323 confirmed or suspected cases have been
reported, including 729 deaths.
Some international medical organizations have
pointed out that this round of the epidemic is facing a further "out of
control" situation.
Guinea has 460 confirmed or suspected cases, of which
339 have been killed. Neighbouring Liberia has 329 confirmed or suspected cases
with 156 deaths, and Sierra Leone has reported 533 confirmed or suspected cases
with 233 deaths.
A suspected case is also reported for the first time in
Nigeria and has died.
Some of the new cases are medical staff involved in treating
patients. In Sierra Leone, a chief doctor responsible for treating people
infected with Ebola was found to be infected with the virus.
In response to the
severity of the outbreak, a US rescue agency announced the withdrawal of
volunteers from the three West African countries.
The international medical
rescue organization MSF said that because of the lack of an
effective "overall strategy", the Ebola epidemic is gradually
"out of control" and is facing an unprecedented situation.
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization of
the United Nations, airlines and health authorities are considering adjusting
passenger screening rules and procedures, and may introduce measures to
accelerate the speed of air rescue services for people infected with Ebola
virus.
On July 29, 2014, ASKY Airlines, which operates pan-African
air operations, announced that in order to prevent the spread of the Ebola
virus, the carrier suspended all flights to and from Liberia and Sierra Leone.
On August 8, 2014, the World Health Organization issued a
statement announcing the Ebola outbreak as an international public health
emergency that will pose risks to other countries and require an
"unconventional" response.
All countries reporting the Ebola outbreak
Should declare a state of emergency. The WHO and the affected countries have
launched an intensive response plan totaling $ 100 million for this.
The
outside world, such as “MSF”, expressed different views on the response made by
the WHO, saying that the epidemic is very critical and more human and material
resources are needed to respond.
The Chinese government provided emergency material assistance
to the three West African countries.
The relevant crew members have completed epidemic
prevention training and protection preparations.
More than 80 tons of medical
supplies are expected to arrive in the three West African countries in the
evening on August 11, 2014.
On the afternoon of August 11, 2014, the Chinese government
provided emergency humanitarian aid to Sierra Leone to fight the Ebola outbreak
at the Longji International Airport in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
As of August 26, 2014, Ebola had killed 1,427 people in
Sierra Leone, Libya and Guinea. This includes more than 100 medical staff who
were infected and died while treating patients with Ebola infection.
As of August 28, 2014, five people have been killed in
Nigeria. The current virus outbreaks are concentrated in West African countries
such as Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.
At least 1,400 people have died and
2615 have been infected. The new semester of the Nigerian school was originally
scheduled to begin on the 25th.
To prevent the spread of the deadly Ebola
virus, the government decided to close schools at all levels and use this time
to train staff on how to deal with patients who may be infected with the Ebola
virus.
On September 5, 2014, the World Health Organization stated
that the rapid spread of the Ebola virus raging in West Africa has become a
global threat and requires concerted responses from various countries. It is
estimated that at least $ 600 million will be required to control the epidemic.
WHO Director-General Chen Fengfuzhen said at a press
conference held by the United Nations Foundation in Washington that the Ebola
virus has been discovered for almost 40 years.
The epidemic is the most serious
and complicated. As of this week, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have about
3,500 confirmed or suspected cases, and more than 1,900 have died.
As of September 16, 2014, a total of 4985 confirmed,
suspected, and possible infections of Ebola virus have occurred in West Africa,
and 2,461 died of the disease.
With the rapid spread of the epidemic, the
number of new cases in the past 21 days has accounted for 50% of the total
number of cases.
As of September 28, 2014, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
had found a total of 7,157 cases of confirmed, suspected, and possible
infection of Ebola virus in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The number of
deaths was 3330.
On October 1, 2014, CNN reported that Dallas Presbyterian
Hospital in Texas is treating the first Ebola patient diagnosed in the United
States.
Thomas Frieden, director of the Federal Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), confirmed on September 30 that the Ebola patient had returned
to the United States from Liberia.
On
October 8, 2014, a hospital in Dallas, Texas, USA announced that the first
Ebola patient found in the United States was dead on the morning of the 8th
local time.
The World Health Organization said on the 29th local time
that the number of infected cases in this round of the Ebola outbreak has
reached nearly 14,000.
However, the WHO also said that in Liberia, the country
with the worst outbreak, the rate of infection was slowing.
According to reports, the latest information released by the
WHO states that in the three countries most affected by the outbreak, Guinea,
Liberia and Sierra Leone, 4910 people have died of confirmed, suspected or
possible Ebola virus infection.
In the three countries mentioned above, a total of 13,676
confirmed, probable or suspected cases of infection have been reported.
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan announced
on November 7, 2014 that a 60-year-old man who had a short stay in Liberia,
West Africa, suddenly developed fever symptoms, and the relevant department is
conducting an emergency inspection to confirm whether he has contracted Ebola.
Pull.
Since November 7th, all Ebola patients in Texas and those who
have had contact with Ebola patients have safely spent 21 days.
Judge Jenkins, who oversees Dallas County's response to the
Ebola outbreak, said that Dallas County can declare its escape from Ebola from
midnight on November 7.
On November 10, 2014, the international organization Médecins Sans Frontières announced that for the first time the number of
cases of Liberia infection with Ebola virus has decreased.
But experts also
point out that this does not mean that the epidemic is coming to an end.
The MSF hospital in Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, has a
total of 250 beds, and currently only 50 patients are being treated here.
In
the northern part of the country, Ebola-infected patients are no longer being
treated in similar institutions, and no new cases have appeared.
The
organization noted that for the first time, Liberia was infected with Ebola
virus.
At the same time, MSF experts point out that it is too early
to say that the epidemic is about to end, because Guinea, Liberia's neighbor,
had previously had fewer cases of infection, but the number of patients has
increased again since then.
On December 30, 2014, WHO released data showing that more
than 20,000 people in the three countries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone
in West Africa have been infected with the deadly Ebola virus.
According to
statistics released on the 27th, in the three countries most affected by the
virus, 20081 people were infected with the virus, of which 9,409 were in Sierra
Leone.
Historical Report of Ebola Virus
- 2014: Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2014
- 2017: Congo Ebola outbreak in 2017
- 2018: Ebola outbreak in 2018
- 2019: Ebola outbreak in 2019
Laboratory infections: Ebola laboratory infections have been
reported at least twice, once in 1976, at the Porton Down Institute of Microbiology (RME), a staff member who transferred Ebola-infected guinea pig
liver homogenates in the laboratory.
The needle penetrated the thumb and became
infected. Another was in May 2004 in Victor Laboratory, Russia.
A female
scientist accidentally punctured her finger with a syringe needle infected with
the virus, and died of the infection.
From June to November 1976. In southern Sudan, a total of 284
cases occurred and 151 died, with a fatality rate of 53%.
From September to
October 1976, in the area surrounding the DRC (formerly known as Zaire), 318
cases were found, 280 cases died, and the case fatality rate was 88%.
85 cases
were infected with shared syringes, and the secondary cases were medical care
and relatives of patients.
In 1979, in the N'Zara area of Sudan, 33 cases occurred and
22 died, with a case fatality rate of 67%.
In June 1994, 49 cases were reported, 31 died, and the case
fatality rate was 63% in the Minkerbo, Makocu and tropical rainforest gold
mining areas in Gabon.
An outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo began in
January 1995.
In April 1995, it occurred in Kikwete, DRC and its
surrounding areas, with 315 cases of illness, 245 deaths, and a mortality rate
of 77%. Secondary cases are mostly treatment and nursing staff, accounting for
25% of all cases.
From February 1996 to January 1997, in northern Gabon, 60
cases occurred, 45 died, and the case fatality rate was 75%.
The 66/97 epidemic
originated from 21 villagers who came into contact with a chimpanzee who died
in the jungle, and all of the subsequent cases attended the traditional funeral
of the deceased.
From August 2000 to January 2001 in Gulu, Masindi and Mbarara
in northern Uganda. A total of 425 cases occurred and 224 died, with a fatality
rate of 53%.
From October 2001 to March 2002 in the Republic of the Congo abbreviated to the Congo (Brazzaville) and Gabon, a total of 123 cases
occurred, 97 cases died, and the case fatality rate was 79%.
From December 2002 to the end of April 2003, a total of 143
cases of infection occurred in the Republic of the Congo, 128 cases died, and
the case fatality rate was 89%.
The cause of the epidemic is related to human
hunting activities and infections in contact with chimpanzees and other
mammals.
From April to June 2005, 12 cases occurred in Congo
(Brazzaville), and all 9 patients were found dead. It was confirmed after
autopsy sampling.
On July 31, 2012 (local time), three cases of Ebola virus
infection were detected in Uganda. As of August 3rd local time, 53 cases of
Ebola virus infection have been confirmed and at least 16 have died. Another
312 people were isolated and suspected of being infected with Ebola.
A prisoner who had been quarantined in a
hospital for a suspected case escaped.
In 2014, the spread of Ebola virus in Guinea, Liberia, and
Sierra Leone in West African countries spread at an alarming rate.
The virus
killed 82 people by April 1. As of April 14, 168 people had been infected in
Guinea, of whom 108 died.
In July 2014, the first confirmed case of imported Ebola
virus disease occurred in Nigeria, and the patient died in Lagos City on July
25.
On the 26th, the Nigerian government announced that it would raise the
alert for Nepal’s infectious diseases to a red level, and required all sea,
land and air ports to implement Ebola virus disease surveillance and adopt
corresponding health inspection and quarantine measures.
On July 27, 2014, a well-known Liberian doctor in Liberia
died of the Ebola virus, and another American doctor was infected with the
virus and is being treated.
As of July 28, 2014, the epidemic has killed 672
people in West Africa, the highest number of deaths on record.
On July 29, 2014, the Sierra Leone health department
confirmed that the doctor who led Sierra Leone's fight against the worst Ebola
outbreak in history died of the Ebola virus infection on July 29 local time at
the age of 39.
Sheik Umar Khan personally treated more than a hundred patients,
and before his death, dozens of local medical workers had died.
According to
WHO statistics, this severe infectious disease has no specific medicine or
vaccine, and its symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, internal bleeding and
external bleeding.
The death rate for this outbreak so far is 56%, but the
highest in history is 90%.
On August 4, 2014, Nigerian Health Minister Chuku announced
that the second case of Ebola virus infection has been diagnosed in Nigeria.
The patient is a doctor in the southern city of Lagos. The second case was
related to the first case and was one of two doctors who treated the first
case.
On August 6, 2014, Nigerian Health Minister Chuku announced
in Abuja that a nurse in the southern Nigerian city of Lagos was diagnosed with
Ebola virus infection. The nurse had taken care of and had close contact with
Liberian official Sawyer, who was previously diagnosed with infection in Lagos.
She was confirmed dead from Ebola hemorrhagic fever on the evening of the 5th.
On August 7, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO)
announced that the death toll was 932, but there may be problems such as
missing statistics and deliberate concealment.
On July 30, 2014, a woman returning from Kenya to Hong Kong,
China was exposed to Ebola-like symptoms and has been isolated for treatment.
Although the Hong Kong Food and Health Bureau later stated that the woman's
symptoms did not meet the definition of a suspected case, she still Without
panic, the Hong Kong Department of Health's consultation hotline was blasted by
the public.
On 25 July 2014, Sawyer, a Liberian official, died in a
Nigerian hospital. This incident raised concerns about "virus
cross-border". Liberia's Treasury adviser Sawyer arrived in Lagos, Nigeria
last week.
He did not have any symptoms of viral infection before boarding the
plane, but he started vomiting and diarrhea before reaching his destination.
On August 8, 2014, the World Health Organization informed
that as of August 6, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria had reported a
cumulative total of 1,779 cases of Ebola virus, including 961 deaths.
On August 19, 2014, the World Health Organization stated that
Ebola virus had caused 1,229 deaths worldwide and 84 deaths in just three days.
In 3 days, the number of infected cases increased by 113, bringing the total to
2,240.
Liberia is the country with the fastest spread of the epidemic, with a
recent increase of 48 infections and 53 deaths, bringing the country to 834
infected cases, including 466 deaths.
On August 28, 2014, the World Health Organization issued an
update on the 28th, stating that the Ebola epidemic continues to rag, and 3,069
people have been infected in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria, of whom
1,552 have died.
On September 17, 2014, World Health Organization (WHO)
officials said that more than 2,500 people in West Africa have died from Ebola
infection and that more than 5,000 people have been infected by the virus.
The WHO’s strategic route plan to combat the Ebola outbreak
announced on the same day said that the actual number of infections may be
several times the number of reported infections of 3,069.
The WHO said that the
total number of viral infections caused by the Ebola outbreak may exceed
20,000.
As of September 25, 2014, the Ebola outbreak in West Africa
has killed more than 3,000 people.
The latest figures show that 6,500 people in
the area are believed to have been infected. Liberia is the worst affected
country, with approximately 1,830 people dying.
The United States has sent
about 3,000 soldiers to Liberia to help combat the disease.
Some studies warn
that the number of people infected with Ebola virus could exceed 20,000 by
early November.
On October 6, 2014, the Spanish Ministry of Health informed
that a Spanish caregiver was diagnosed with Ebola virus in Madrid, becoming the
first patient infected with the virus in Europe.
On July 24, 2018, the World Health Organization announced
that the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo in May 2018 had
officially ended. Main article: Ebola outbreak in 2018
China Studies
As of August 2014, five BSL-3 (commonly known as P3)
laboratories in China have been able to detect Ebola virus and conduct
laboratory diagnosis of Ebola virus infection in on-look or suspected cases.
On September 3, 2014, China CDC introduced the progress of
Ebola prevention and control work to the media. Li Dexin, a researcher at the
China Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Viral Diseases, said that
China has now established nucleic acid, antigen and antibody detection
technology for Ebola virus, which can simultaneously detect multiple nucleic
acid targets of Ebola virus.
Among them, the nucleic acid test has the highest
sensitivity.
The 20 cases of Ebola observation cases tested by the Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention have all been tested for nucleic acid
at least once.
In response to Ebola hemorrhagic fever, the Chinese Center for
Disease Control and Prevention has also formulated new testing requirements.
Each sample is tested for at least two genes of the virus. As long as one of
them is positive, it is considered to be positive for Ebola virus to avoid
early missed diagnosis.
Ebola virus is very virulent and can only be tested
after inactivation of suspected samples in a BSL-3 laboratory. Counting the
inactivation time, within 3 to 5 hours, a laboratory specimen of Ebola virus
can be completed and the case can be diagnosed for Ebola infection.
According to Li Dexin, a researcher at the Institute of Viral
Diseases of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are
currently no effective drugs for the treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in
the world, and there is no effective vaccine to prevent Ebola virus infection. Control measures are of great significance.
At present, more than 80 Ebola
cases have been screened in China, and most of them have been excluded from Ebola
virus infection.
In August 2014, researchers from the Institute of Viral
Diseases of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention went to the
Pasteur Institute in France to conduct a cooperative research on the detection
method of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and completed the fluorescent RT-PCR nucleic
acid detection kit and colloidal gold immunochromatography. Validation of Ebola
virus detection kits such as antigen detection kits, ELISA antigen detection
kits, etc.
In September 2014, the China Center for Disease Control and
Prevention of Diseases announced in Beijing yesterday that it has successfully
developed an Ebola virus detection kit and will use it to carry out virus
detection tasks in Sierra Leone.
It is understood that the China Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention's Viral Disease Research Institute has successfully developed
reagents for detecting Ebola nucleic acids, antigens, and antibodies.
Previously, the testing team sent to the Sierra Leone Laboratory by the Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention carried the test reagent and will use
the reagent in Sierra Leone launches virus detection mission.
After the outbreak of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in
2014, the scientific research team of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences
started a new vaccine research based on previous research.
The vaccine passed a
joint review by the state and the army and a clinical trial was launched in
December.
This is the world's third Ebola vaccine to enter clinical trials and
the world's first 2014 gene-mutated Ebola vaccine.
On December 28, 2016, the Chinese Academy of Military Medical
Sciences announced on the 28th that 500 cases of Phase II of the recombinant
Ebola vaccine rAd5-EBOV, developed by a researcher team of Chen Wei from the
Institute of Bioengineering of the Institute, were launched in Sierra Leone,
Africa. Clinical trials succeed.
This is a historic breakthrough after China's
vaccine research went abroad for the first time. In the early morning of the
23rd, the internationally renowned medical journal The Lancet
published related research papers online.
Ebola Virus Case analysis
The first confirmed Ebola carrier in the United States,
42-year-old Thomas Eric Duncan, died in the isolation ward of the Texas
Hospital on the morning of the 8th. Wendell Watson, a spokesman for the Dallas Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital that admitted Duncan, said on the 8th,
"We announce with great sadness and extreme sadness that Duncan died at
7.51 this morning.
Mr. Duncan died of an illness Ebola, who has bravely battled
the disease. Our professionals, doctors and nurses, and the Texas Health
Presbyterian Hospital in all Dallas communities, have expressed deep sorrow for
his death.
The Liberian Duncan, who arrived in Texas in mid-September to
visit relatives, was the first patient in the United States to be diagnosed
with Ebola and became the first person to die from the disease in the United
States.
Duncan, who had been exposed to the deadly Ebola virus before
leaving Liberia, showed no symptoms when he arrived in the United States on
September 20. A few days later, Duncan felt unwell and went to the emergency
room of the Presbyterian Hospital.
The hospital ignored his travel records and
sent him home.
Two days later, Duncan was returned to the hospital by ambulance
for "strict isolation."
On September 30, the US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention confirmed that Duncan was the first patient with Ebola
virus found in the United States.
The negligence of the hospital exposed more people to the
danger of infection. The 48 family members, health care workers and friends who
have had direct or indirect contact with Duncan are currently under quarantine
or closely monitored.
Biological warfare
Due to the extremely high lethality of Ebola virus, it is
classified by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the highest
level of biological terrorist attack weapon. It is considered to be the most
feared potential biological weapon that threatens public safety and health.
Ebola is considered a biological weapon because of its
lethality, but due to the short incubation period of the virus, it is likely
that it will not be able to spread on a large scale after killing some people
first. Therefore, some virus researchers hope to combine a smallpox virus to
create a virus with a wide range of transmission and lethality as a weapon for
terrorist attacks.
In 1992, Akira Asahara, the leader of Aum Shinrikyo in Japan,
led 40 members to the DRC, hoping to obtain the virus as a tool for the Holocaust,
but it was not successful in the end.
Ebolavirus Art work
In 1994, the American writer Preston wrote the novel The Hot Zone against this background. This novel was popular and
attracted worldwide attention to this mysterious virus. The disease was
discovered in Gabon in December 1994.
In 1995, Hollywood released the film 'Extreme
Panic' starring Dustin Huffman, which reproduced the horror scene of Ebola
virus killing people on the screen, making the global audience famous for Ebola
virus.
In 1996, the Hong Kong Chinese film 'Ebola Virus' was produced by Wang Jing, directed by Qiu Litao, and starred in the film's
emperor Huang Qiusheng. The film tells the story of a serial killer who was
murdered after being infected by Ebola virus.
Author's Bio
 |
| Dr. Shawna Reason |
Education: MBBS, MD
Occupation: Medical Doctor / Virologist
Specialization: Medical Science, Micro Biology / Virology, Natural Treatment
Experience: 15 Years as a Medical Practitioner
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