Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prevention of Dengue fever
Dengue is an acute vector-borne disease caused by dengue
virus transmitted through mosquito-borne vectors. Dengue virus infection can
cause recessive infection, dengue fever, and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue
hemorrhagic fever is rare in Asia. The typical clinical manifestations of
dengue fever are rapid onset, high fever, headache, severe pain in muscles,
bones and joints, rash, bleeding tendency, lymphadenopathy, decreased white
blood cell count, and thrombocytopenia in some patients.
The disease is mainly
endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau and
other places in China are endemic areas of dengue fever.
Because the disease is
transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, the epidemic has a certain seasonality,
generally in May to November of each year, the peak is in July to September.
In
newly endemic areas, the population is generally susceptible, but the incidence
is mainly adult. In endemic areas, the incidence is mainly children.
English name: Dengue
Visiting department: Infectious Diseases
Common causes: Dengue virus
Common symptoms:
- Severe aches and pains in muscles, bones and joints
- Rash
- Bleeding tendency
- Lymphadenopathy
- Decreased white blood cell count
- Thrombocytopenia, etc. in some patients
Contagious: Yes
Way for spreading: Mosquito-borne
What is the Cause of Dengue Fever?
Causes of Dengue: Dengue virus is a flavivirus genus
in the Flaviviridae family. It is a single-stranded positive-strand RNA virus.
The virus is resistant to low temperatures. It can survive for 5 years at -20 °
C in human serum. This virus can survive for more than 8 years at -70 ° C, but it is
not resistant to Heat. It can be inactivated within 30 minutes at 50 ° C or 2 minutes
at 100 ° C.
It is not acid resistant. It can be inactivated with detergent, ether, ultraviolet light and 0.65% formaldehyde solution.Four serotypes of dengue virus have been isolated, all of which are pathogenic.
Aedes mosquitoes
(including Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) are its main hosts, and patients
and recessive infections are the main sources of infection.
The patients were
most contagious within 1 day to 3 days after the onset.
A small number of
patients can also isolate the virus from the blood on the third day after fever
regression.
Dengue virus enters the body through the bite of Aedes mosquito, enters the blood circulation after proliferation of capillary
endothelial cells and monocyte-phagocytic system, and forms the first toxemia.
It is then re-localized in the monocyte-phagocytic system and in lymphoid
tissues, where it is released into the blood again, forming a second toxemia.
Dengue virus forms an immune complex with anti-dengue virus antibodies produced
by the body, activating the complement system, resulting in increased vascular
permeability.
At the same time, the virus can inhibit the bone marrow, causing
leukocytes, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding tendency.
What is the Clinical Manifestation of Dengue Virus?
The incubation period is 3 to 14 days, with an average of
about 4 to 7 days.
Dengue is clinically classified as typical, light and
heavy.
1. What is the conditions under Typical Dengue Fever?
(1) The onset of fever is mostly sudden, and the body
temperature rapidly reaches above 39 ° C, which usually lasts 2 to 7 days.
The
heat pattern is irregular.
In some cases, the body temperature drops to normal
on the 3rd to 5th days, and then rises again after 1 day, bimodal or saddle
heat.
Childhood onset is slower and fever is lower. It is accompanied by
systemic symptoms such as headache, back pain, muscle and joint pain, orbital
pain, and posterior eyeball pain.
May have gastrointestinal symptoms such as
hypersensitivity, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, poor appetite, diarrhea and
constipation.
Face and conjunctiva congestion, flushing of neck and upper chest
skin.
Relatively slow pulses can occur during the fever phase.
(2) The rash appears on the 2nd to 5th days after the onset.
The palm, the soles of the feet, the trunk, and the abdomen gradually spread to
the neck and limbs.
Some patients are seen on the face and may be
maculopapular, measles-like rash, scarlet fever-like rash, erythema erythema.
There is a slight itch.
On the last day of fever, or after the heat has
subsided, there are fine plaques on the feet, back of legs, ankles, back of
wrists, armpits, etc., which subsides within 1 to 3 days, and brown spots
remain briefly. Generally, Body temperature subsided at the same time.
(3) Bleeding 5 to 8 days after the onset of bleeding, about
half of the cases may have bleeding at different locations and to different
degrees, such as epistaxis, skin stasis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hemoptysis,
hematuria, vaginal bleeding and so on.
(4) Other systemic lymph nodes may be slightly swollen, with
light touch pain. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are rare. Individual cases have
jaundice. After illness, patients often feel weak and weak, and full recovery
often takes several weeks.
2. What are the conditions under Light Dengue Fever?
Symptoms and signs are milder than typical dengue fever,
fever and general body pain are mild, rash is rare or not seen, no tendency to
bleeding, superficial lymph nodes are often swollen, and its clinical
manifestations are similar to influenza, which can be easily ignored and healed
within 1 to 4 days.
3. What are the conditions under Heavy Dengue Fever?
The early manifestations of the patient were similar to
typical dengue fever. On the 3rd to 5th course of the disease, the condition
suddenly worsened, and severe meningitis such as headache, nausea, vomiting,
disturbance of consciousness, and neck rigidity appeared.
Some manifest as
major gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic shock.
This type often develops
rapidly due to the disease, mostly due to central respiratory failure and
hemorrhagic shock within 24 hours.
What is Routine inspection for Dengue?
(1) The total number of white blood cells in patients with
dengue fever in the surrounding blood is reduced when it starts, especially in
the rash period; the percentage of neutrophils is also reduced, and the
lymphocytes are relatively high.
Toxic particles and obvious nuclear left shift
are visible. Lymphocytes, and the blood picture returned to normal 1 week after
fever. Thrombocytopenia in 1/4 to 3/4 cases can be as low as 13 × 109 / L.
(2) Urine routine: There may be a small amount of protein, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and sometimes casts.
2. What is Virus isolation for Dengue?
Blood from early patients was inoculated into Aedes
albopictus cell line (C6 / 36), and the virus must be identified by specific
neutralization test or hemagglutination inhibition test after virus isolation.
3. What is Serum immunological examination for Dengue?
The detection of specific IgM antibodies in patients' serum
by ELISA is positive to help the early diagnosis of dengue fever.
If the dengue
virus antigen is detected in the patient's serum, it can also be used as a
clear diagnostic basis.
4. What is Dengue virus nucleic acid detection?
The detection of dengue virus RNA in patients' serum is more
sensitive than virus isolation, and can be used for early rapid diagnosis and
serotype identification, but the technical requirements are higher.
What is the Diagnosis for Dengue?
According to the epidemiological characteristics of the
epidemic area and the onset of the rainy season, the patient has two degrees of
high fever, pain in the whole body, obvious weakness, a rash on the first fever
or the second fever, a swollen lymph node, and a decrease in the number of
white blood cells. It is considered as dengue fever.
The antibody titer in the
recovery phase of the double serum is more than 4 times higher than that in the
acute phase, or the antibody titer of the complement test in the acute phase is
1:32 or more, and the diagnosis can be made.
Pay attention to identification
with influenza, leptospirosis, measles, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, malaria,
and yellow fever.
What is the Treatment for Dengue?
Dengue Fever Treatment: At present, there is no exact and effective pathogen
treatment for this disease, and support and symptomatic treatment measures are
mainly adopted.
1. General Treatment
The patient lives in an isolation ward with anti-mosquito
equipment. In the acute phase, you should rest in bed until your body
temperature and platelet count return to normal, and there is no tendency to
bleeding before you can move properly.
Diet should be liquid or semi-liquid
rich in nutrient-digestible food. Take care to clean your mouth and skin and
keep your stools open.
2. Reduce body temperature
For patients with high fever, physical cooling should be used
first, such as ice packs, alcohol swabs, and pain relief and antipyretic drugs
should be used with caution.
For those with high fever and severe toxic blood
symptoms, a small dose of adrenocortical hormone such as oral prednisone can be
used for a short time.
3. Rehydration
For those who sweat more and have diarrhea, first take oral
rehydration, pay attention to water, electrolytes and acid-base balance.
Intravenous rehydration should be used when necessary to correct dehydration,
hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis, but the possibility of inducing cerebral
edema, intracranial hypertension, and cerebral hernia should always be watched.
4. Reduce intracranial pressure
In cases of severe headache and intracranial hypertension, a
rapid intravenous drip of 20% mannitol injection should be applied in time.
At
the same time, intravenous infusion of dexamethasone can help reduce cerebral
edema and reduce intracranial pressure.
For patients whose respiratory center
is inhibited, an artificial respirator should be applied in time.
5. Hemostasis
Those who have bleeding tendency, give carbachol, vitamin K
and other general hemostatic drugs.
When the amount of bleeding is large, whole
blood or platelets can be transfused.
Prognosis
Dengue fever is an infectious disease with a self-limiting
tendency. The duration of uncomplicated patients is about 10 days.
The disease
usually has a good prognosis.
Most of the deaths were severe patients.
How can we Prevent Dengue Fever?
Prevention of Dengue Fever:
1. Manage the source of infection
Endemic or probable endemic areas should do a good job of
monitoring and forecasting the dengue epidemic, early detection, early
diagnosis, and timely isolation and treatment.
Specific laboratory tests should
be performed as soon as possible to identify light patients.
Medical
observation should be performed on suspicious patients. Patients should be
isolated in wards with screens and screens.
The isolation time should be no
less than 5 days. Strengthen border health quarantine.
2. Cut off the transmission route
Anti-mosquito and anti-mosquito is the fundamental measure to
prevent this disease. Improve the sanitary environment, eliminate the breeding
ground of Aedes mosquitoes, and clear up the accumulated water. Spray insecticides
to eliminate adult mosquitoes.
3. Protect vulnerable people
Improve the population's disease resistance, pay attention to
a balanced diet, work and rest, exercise appropriately, and enhance physical
fitness.
Apply insect repellents to susceptible people during epidemics to
prevent mosquito bites.
How to Detect Dengue Virus infection?
Detection of Dengue Infection: In March 2019, the University of Bath announced that
researchers at the school are developing a small device to detect dengue virus
infections earlier in order to treat patients more efficiently and avoid
deterioration.
The team believes that better understanding of how these cells
behave after being infected will lead to more precise ways to detect dengue
virus.
Overview symptoms etiology treatment prevention of Dengue Fever
Dengue fever is a common disease in the Department of
Infectious Diseases. It is caused by acute mosquito-borne infectious diseases
caused by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes carrying dengue virus.
It is highly
infectious. Because mosquitoes spread quickly and many sources, dengue fever
spreads rapidly.
In addition, symptoms such as high fever, high fever,
dizziness, headache, severe swelling and pain in the joints, rash, bleeding
tendency, and thrombocytopenia will occur during the onset of the disease. Those
who do not treat in time are prone to life danger.
Prevention and treatment
should be done to avoid the source of infection. So as not to be threatened by
disease.
Must see when going to the hospital
- What department to link: Infectious Diseases
- What symptoms: fever chills, headache, low back pain, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bleeding
- Vulnerable groups: all groups
- Examinations required: blood routine, complement test, blood biochemistry, blood culture, liver and kidney function
Good Dengue Medicine Tips
Common Drugs: Prednisone, Vitamin C, Vitamin K1, Anluoxue,
Hemostatic, Plasma, Low Molecular Dextran, Glucose Saline, Aluminum Hydroxide
Gel, Mannitol, Dexamethasone, Potassium Citrate, Cimetidine Ranitidine.
Treatment cost:
According to different hospitals, the charging standards are not the same. The
city's top three hospitals charge about $ 1,000-3,000 on admission.
Caused by disease:
acute intravascular hemolysis, mental disorders, myocarditis, liver function impairment,
uremia, acute respiratory distress syndrome
Author's Bio
 |
| Dr. Shawna Reason |
Education: MBBS, MD
Occupation: Medical Doctor / Virologist
Specialization: Medical Science, Micro Biology / Virology, Natural Treatment
Experience: 15 Years as a Medical Practitioner
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